Prithvi-EO-2.0: A Versatile Multi-Temporal Foundation Model for Earth Observation Applications

This paper presents Prithvi-EO-2.0, a new geospatial foundation model that offers significant improvements over its predecessor, Prithvi-EO-1.0. Trained on 4.2 million global time series samples from NASA's Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 data archive at 30-m resolution, the new model incorporates temporal and location embeddings for enhanced performance across various geospatial tasks. Through extensive benchmarking with GEO-Bench, the model outperforms the previous Prithvi-EO model by 8% across a range of tasks. It also outperforms six other geospatial foundation models when benchmarked on remote sensing tasks from different domains and resolutions (i.e. from 0.1 m to 15 m). The results demonstrate the versatility of the model in both classical Earth observation and high-resolution applications. Early involvement of end-users and subject matter experts (SMEs) allowed constant feedback on model and dataset design, enabling customization across diverse SME-led applications in disaster response, land cover and crop mapping, and ecosystem dynamics monitoring. Prithvi-EO-2.0 is available as an open-source model on Hugging Face and IBM TerraTorch, with additional resources on GitHub. The project exemplifies the Trusted Open Science approach embraced by all involved organizations.