Adaptive Soft Error Protection for Neural Network Processing

Previous research on selective protection for neural network components typically exploits only static vulnerability differences. Although these methods improve upon classical modular redundancy, they still incur substantial overhead for neural network workloads that are both memory-intensive and compute-intensive. In this work, we observe that neural network vulnerability is also input-dependent and varies dynamically at runtime. With this observation, we propose an adaptive, vulnerability-aware fault tolerance framework. At its core, a lightweight graph neural network (GNN) model dynamically predicts soft error vulnerabilities across inputs and neural network components, enabling real-time adaptation of fault tolerance policies. This design offers a complementary and more efficient protection scheme compared to traditional approaches. Experimental results demonstrate that the GNN predictor achieves over 95% accuracy in identifying critical inputs and components. Moreover, our adaptive scheme reduces computational overhead by an average of 42.12% while preserving model accuracy, significantly outperforming static selective protection methods.