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VocBulwark: Towards Practical Generative Speech Watermarking via Additional-Parameter Injection

About

Generated speech achieves human-level naturalness but escalates security risks of misuse. However, existing watermarking methods fail to reconcile fidelity with robustness, as they rely either on simple superposition in the noise space or on intrusive alterations to model weights. To bridge this gap, we propose VocBulwark, an additional-parameter injection framework that freezes generative model parameters to preserve perceptual quality. Specifically, we design a Temporal Adapter to deeply entangle watermarks with acoustic attributes, synergizing with a Coarse-to-Fine Gated Extractor to resist advanced attacks. Furthermore, we develop an Accuracy-Guided Optimization Curriculum that dynamically orchestrates gradient flow to resolve the optimization conflict between fidelity and robustness. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that VocBulwark achieves high-capacity and high-fidelity watermarking, offering robust defense against complex practical scenarios, with resilience to Codec regenerations and variable-length manipulations.

Weizhi Liu, Yue Li, Zhaoxia Yin• 2026

Related benchmarks

TaskDatasetResultRank
Speech WatermarkingLJSpeech 2017
STOI0.9795
17
Speech WatermarkingLJSpeech (in-distribution)
Gaussian Noise (5 dB) Score0.9986
13
Speech WatermarkingLJSpeech (in-distribution)
MP3 (16 kbps) Acc0.9984
13
Generative Speech WatermarkingLibriTTS OOD (test)
STOI0.9789
8
Generative Speech WatermarkingAiShell3 OOD (test)
STOI0.969
8
Generative Speech WatermarkingLJSpeech (test)
Inference Time (ms)13.48
7
Speech WatermarkingLibriTTS (out-of-distribution)
Accuracy (GN 5 dB)96.01
4
Speech WatermarkingAiShell3 (out-of-distribution)
Robustness (Gaussian Noise 5 dB)98.68
4
Speech WatermarkingLibriTTS (OOD)
MP3 16kbps Accuracy0.9891
4
Speech WatermarkingAiShell3 (OOD)
MP3 (16 kbps) Accuracy0.9879
4
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