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Your Vision-Language-Action Model Already Has Attention Heads For Path Deviation Detection

About

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have demonstrated strong potential for predicting semantic actions in navigation tasks, demonstrating the ability to reason over complex linguistic instructions and visual contexts. However, they are fundamentally hindered by visual-reasoning hallucinations that lead to trajectory deviations. Addressing this issue has conventionally required training external critic modules or relying on complex uncertainty heuristics. In this work, we discover that monitoring a few attention heads within a frozen VLA model can accurately detect path deviations without incurring additional computational overhead. We refer to these heads, which inherently capture the spatiotemporal causality between historical visual sequences and linguistic instructions, as Navigation Heads. Using these heads, we propose an intuitive, training-free anomaly-detection framework that monitors their signals to detect hallucinations in real time. Surprisingly, among over a thousand attention heads, a combination of just three is sufficient to achieve a 44.6 % deviation detection rate with a low false-positive rate of 11.7 %. Furthermore, upon detecting a deviation, we bypass the heavy VLA model and trigger a lightweight Reinforcement Learning (RL) policy to safely execute a shortest-path rollback. By integrating this entire detection-to-recovery pipeline onto a physical robot, we demonstrate its practical robustness. All source code will be publicly available.

Jaehwan Jeong, Evelyn Zhu, Jinying Lin, Emmanuel Jaimes, Tuan-Anh Vu, Jungseock Joo, Sangpil Kim, M. Khalid Jawed• 2026

Related benchmarks

TaskDatasetResultRank
Obstacle Avoidance NavigationNavigation Environment 5m distance (test)
Success Rate92.2
5
Obstacle Avoidance NavigationNavigation Environment 10m distance (test)
Success Rate89.8
5
Obstacle Avoidance NavigationNavigation Environment 15m distance (test)
Success Rate83.6
5
Obstacle Avoidance NavigationNavigation Environment 20m distance (test)
Success Rate83.9
5
Anomaly DetectionR2R Seen (val)
EDR44.6
3
Anomaly DetectionR2R unseen (val)
EDR41.9
3
Path Deviation DetectionRxR seen (val)
EDR36.1
1
Path Deviation DetectionRxR Unseen (val)
EDR32.7
1
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