A Robust Out-of-Distribution Detection Framework via Synergistic Smoothing

Reliable out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical requirement for the safe deployment of machine learning systems. Despite recent progress, state-of-the-art OOD detectors are highly susceptible to adversarial attacks, which undermines their trustworthiness in automated systems. To address this vulnerability, we apply median smoothing to baseline OOD detection scores, balancing clean and adversarial accuracies. Our key insight is that the noisy samples generated for median smoothing can be repurposed to quantify the local instability of the base score. We observe that OOD samples exhibit higher instability under perturbation. Based on this, we propose ROSS, a novel and robust post-hoc OOD detector that leverages the instability of baseline scores to further distinguish between in-distribution (ID) and OOD samples. ROSS achieves symmetric robustness, performing strongly against both score-minimising and score-maximising attacks, unlike prior work. This symmetric defence leads to state-of-the-art robustness, outperforming prior methods by up to 40 AUROC points. We demonstrate ROSS's effectiveness on extensive experiments across CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and ImageNet. Code is available at: https://github.com/Abdu-Hekal/ROSS.