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Towards Learning Representations of Policies in Two-Player Zero-Sum Imperfect-Information Games

About

We investigate the problem of learning useful policy representations (embeddings) in two-player zero-sum imperfect-information games. We make three contributions: First, we introduce methods of creating datasets of policies for a given game. Second, we propose methods to learn policy representations. Third, we introduce downstream tasks to evaluate the effectiveness of such representations. We evaluate each dataset method, embedding method, and downstream task on Kuhn and Leduc Poker. Although our methods are very basic, we demonstrate that useful behavioral representations are present in the learned embeddings. To our knowledge, this work is among the first to systematically compare self-supervised learning techniques for learning policy representations in games. Our code is available at https://github.com/VitamintK/ssl-project for others to extend.

Kevin Wang, Kevin Yang, Arjun Prakash, Amy Greenwald• 2026

Related benchmarks

TaskDatasetResultRank
Payoff prediction (Task A - Fixed)Kuhn Poker
MSE0.0208
10
Payoff prediction (Task A)Leduc Poker
MSE0.167
7
Opponent-adaptive strategy selectionLiar's Dice 450-agent library (50 held-out opponents)
Mean Payoff0.351
7
Opponent-adaptive strategy selectionLeduc Poker 450-agent library (50 held-out opponents)
Mean Payoff0.935
7
Payoff prediction (Task B)Kuhn Poker
MSE0.084
6
Payoff prediction (Task B)Leduc Poker
MSE0.637
5
Agent IdentificationKuhn Poker (eval)
Top-1 Accuracy47.9
4
Agent IdentificationLeduc Poker (eval)
Top-1 Accuracy57.8
4
Agent IdentificationKuhn Poker 500 eval agents
Top-1 Accuracy47.9
4
Agent IdentificationLeduc Poker 500 eval agents
Top-1 Accuracy57.8
4
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